Exploring Different Methods of Horse Training :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Investigating Different Methods of Horse Training The cattle rustler moved on board and gave a wild holler. The men holding the leader of the pony let go and hopped back. Very quickly the pony started kicking. The rancher remained with him however. The pony kicked around the pen pummeling into the fence and off the post that was set in the pen. At long last the pony started to back off and the cowhand got him leveled out. It would take one more seven day stretch of this before the pony would permit himself to be taken care of without blowing up.(Rashid 102) This is the manner in which ponies used to be broken to ride, yet is that the best strategy to utilize? This is the most seasoned strategy utilized for breaking ponies, yet it is likewise the harshest. The main strategy inquired about is the old farm technique utilized. This strategy was utilized generally on the large farms in the west. The principle reason this technique was utilized was on the grounds that they must have the option to utilize the ponies right away. The ponies on these large farms were normally begun at four to five years old. They were begun at this age since that is the point at which a pony is normally genuinely full grown enough to deal with the harsh work on a ranch.(Campbell 55) To begin a pony in this technique, a cattle rustler would bring a pony into a pen. The pony would then be roped and scorned up to an enormous post that was set in the pen. Two other men would hold the pony down while the cowhand tossed his seat on the ponies back and tightened it down. The pony was then fitted with a rope Bosal. The cattle rustler moved on board and the pony was turned lose. The cowhand was then expected to remain with the pony until he quit kicking. It was an uncommon thing for a pony not to buck when begun along these lines. (Mill operator 25) Circumstances are different however individuals no longer must have their ponies prepared in such a rush. Not very many ponies are utilized extremely hard today. Not all ponies were begun in such a harsh way then either. The Spanish vaqueros of the 1800's utilized the bosal to begin their ponies, and they took as much time as is needed in doing as such. The Bosal The California Bosal or Hackamore is an oval nose band made of rawhide. The top bit of the bosal is known as the nose button. Investigating Different Methods of Horse Training :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers Investigating Different Methods of Horse Training The rancher moved on board and gave a wild shout. The men holding the leader of the pony let go and hopped back. Very quickly the pony started kicking. The cowhand remained with him however. The pony kicked around the pen hammering into the fence and off the post that was set in the pen. At long last the pony started to back off and the cattle rustler got him leveled out. It would take one more seven day stretch of this before the pony would permit himself to be taken care of without blowing up.(Rashid 102) This is the manner in which ponies used to be broken to ride, however is that the best technique to utilize? This is the most seasoned technique utilized for breaking ponies, however it is likewise the harshest. The primary technique explored is the old farm strategy utilized. This technique was utilized generally on the large farms in the west. The primary explanation this strategy was utilized was on the grounds that they must have the option to utilize the ponies right away. The ponies on these large farms were generally begun at four to five years old. They were begun at this age since that is the point at which a pony is generally genuinely experienced enough to deal with the harsh work on a ranch.(Campbell 55) To begin a pony in this strategy, a rancher would bring a pony into a pen. The pony would then be roped and censured up to a huge post that was set in the pen. Two other men would hold the pony down while the cowpoke tossed his seat on the ponies back and tightened it down. The pony was then fitted with a rope Bosal. The cattle rustler moved on board and the pony was turned lose. The rancher was then expected to remain with the pony until he quit kicking. It was an uncommon thing for a pony not to buck when begun along these lines. (Mill operator 25) Circumstances are different however individuals no longer must have their ponies prepared in such a rush. Not many ponies are utilized hard today. Not all ponies were begun in such a harsh way then either. The Spanish vaqueros of the 1800's utilized the bosal to begin their ponies, and they took as much time as necessary in doing as such. The Bosal The California Bosal or Hackamore is an oval nose band made of rawhide. The top bit of the bosal is known as the nose button.

Explain the nature and purpose of the ‘Hitler Youth’ movement

a) To set up a steady future for the Nazi system, Hitler was resolved to deal with the forthcoming age that was Germany's childhood, to do this he made a few gatherings for the two young men and young ladies to instruct them Nazi philosophy and how to be the ‘superior race'. Hitler's childhood development was made necessary to participate in 1936 and from that point on young men at the age of 6-10 wore enrolled to the ‘Pimpf', which interprets as meager colleagues, here they partook in activities, for example, climbing and outdoors. On outperforming the age of 10 they experienced a test from them to reach ‘Deutsche Jungvolk' (or German youngsters). Simply after this wore they joined up with ‘Hitler youth' when they wore between the ages of 14-18 and there they wore prepared on military control. The Hitler youth was likewise utilized as a way showing youngsters in hostile to Semitism, pride for Germany and faithfulness to Hitler. Small kids were relied upon to peruse books depicting how Jewish things and individuals were malevolent. There was additionally the SRD which was a watch administration that would watch that all the individuals from the Hitler Youth were looking brilliant and that they were conveying a perfect hanky and brush, w hich characterizes the significance of the development. Baldur Von Schirach drove the Hitler youth association and he had the plan to make singular years for the Hitler youth development and in 1934 it was the ‘Year of Training' where the children learned professional preparing, and in October were sent to the nation to gather the harvests. This was clearly to show them the estimation of hard physical work, and how it pays off. The following year was ‘The Year of Physical Training' which comprised of thorough game rivalries and combatant like wellness measures. Hitler felt that his childhood ought to have all the more a solid character and look more truly sound as opposed to be accomplished in the homeroom. Hitler needed his childhood to feel that they are better than others are and be glad to be Germans. When in the homeroom the instructors showed their educational plan to underline Nazi subjects and history. The reason for these male gatherings was that Hitler was preparing every single kid in Germany to become troopers; the outfits that they wore were like that of the SS, a first class some portion of the military. The Hitler youth was actually an instructional hub for future individuals from the SA or the SS. My hypothesis on Hitler's ‘Deutsche Jungvolk' was that kids were programmed with Nazi philosophy and military strategies and concerns. Hitler had full oversight over each and every phase in the youthful German kid's lives. Young ladies were additionally compelled to join up with a gathering which was known as ‘Jungmadel' (youthful ladies) at 10 years old to 14 and Girls from fourteen to eighteen were in the ‘Bund Deutcher Madel' (BDM) (League of German Girls), the BDM likewise offered a wide assortment of different exercises, for example, diminished rates at cinemas, going on field trips, and go to camps that kept going somewhere in the range of one day to half a month. BDM bunches got together 2 times each week, one of which was a games evening, the other of which was called ‘Heimatabend' (home night). During the home night, young ladies played music, learned and sang people melodies, messed around, or did expressions and artworks. The BDM set huge significance on the young ladies' instructions and expected that they would complete school. The motivation behind the BDM was to show ladies how to think about their wellbeing so they could get ready for parenthood and raise the same number of infants as the German populace required thus they stayed faithful to his Nazi system. Taking everything into account, Hitler utilized these gatherings as a chance to spread his thoughts all through the country, and to make another age that would be faithful and brought together. He gave those under he's lessons an incredible segregations of every single Jewish individuals and instructed them that they were a predominant race. He accepted that the eventual fate of Nazi Germany were the youngsters and anticipated that kids should resemble: â€Å"The feeble must be etched away. I need youngsters and ladies who can endure torment. A youthful German must be as quick as a greyhound, as extreme as cowhide, and as hard as Krupp's steel.† †Adolf Hitler (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/hitler_youth.htm) What's more, the gatherings wore made for this very reason to serve him if any uprising happened. He prepared youngsters at such a youthful age as they wore effectively defenseless to debasement from Hitler's words and they wore trained that he was a guardian angel for the entirety of Germany so the kids admired him as though he was a divine being so they would stay faithful to him later on. Clarify the explanation behind Nazi strategies towards Women b) Women are the establishment to an incredible new age and Hitler came to fathom this reality, to make an extraordinary new Germany he would need to control and convince ladies to remain at home and raise large families, he considered ladies to be just fit for parenthood and every one of his strategies mirrored that he needed ladies to be just used to make another age of kids faithful to Hitler's inheritance. To pass on his arrangements every single equivalent right towards ladies in the Weimar Republic were nullified. There was for all intents and purposes no equity as Nazi's accepted that ladies had a job that was independent to that of the men so fairness was not in the inquiry, they said each sex has various assignments to do and their own different rights and through this the Nazi's accepted they wore being equivalent.. Hitler went of laws which guaranteed that ladies satisfied their obligation at home and organizations were urged to give all free activity spaces to men. The primary instances of ladies this happened to were ladies specialists and government employees. Hitler additionally permitted no lady to be an adjudicator or investigator as he suspected they couldn't think coherently and without feeling. Hitler required ladies at home with the goal that they could have additional time on their hands to hoping to raise a family so the German populace would thrive. Nazis had purposes behind their imbalance towards ladies in the public eye as they suspected their place was particularly in the home as youngster bearers and supporters of their spouses. Nazi arrangements for ladies depended on the ‘3 K's, Kinder, Kirche, Kuche' (Children, Church and the Kitchen) and supported these strategies by offering advances, family remittances and kid dies down for ladies to remain at home and were likewise given decorations in the event that they had an enormous family. By urging ladies to do this and offering prizes for huge families Germany's populace would develop meaning increasingly little youngsters being prepared to being warriors and progressively young ladies transforming into moms so Hitler can fill the land he was wanting to assume responsibility for with Germans. Despite the fact that there were a few special cases to the approaches set by the Nazi's, as though you was a lady of high significance and firmly connected to Hitler by and by there was a few contrasts. For example, the movie chief Leni Riefenstahl, whom Hitler appreciated her work beyond a reasonable doubt. At the point when he previously went to one of her movies showings, Hitler searched out the youthful chief and after an exceptionally brief timeframe selected her as ‘Film Expert to the National Socialist Party'. Throughout the following five years Riefenstahl made a few movies wherein Hitler had mentioned, which in a state where ladies assumed an optional job to men, Riefenstahl was given a free hand by Hitler to deliver publicity films for the Nazi system. Hitler depicted Riefenstahl as ‘the immaculate German lady'. Another special case was Eva Braun which was Hitler's ‘wife' whom he wedded just when both had arrived at a common choice to end it all daily after their marriage. Eva Braun met Hitler when she was 17 and at 19 years old At the age of 19, she turned into Hitler's courtesan, got a house, costly garments, quick vehicles and French scent †however no wedding band, she additionally was not driven into having kids which conflicts with Nazi arrangements. Taking everything into account, every strategy set up concerning ladies in Germany was done as such for the sole reason that they would be fit and effective moms, for example, being disheartened from thinning as this was viewed as awful for labor. In spite of the fact that there were the special cases of a couple of ladies who Hitler permitted to lead an existence of extravagance and opportunity, giving them benefits that no other Nazi ladies could fantasy about encountering. ‘The most significant motivation behind why there was little restriction in Germany towards the Nazi system was its utilization of promulgation.' Explain how far you concur with this announcement. c) I consent to this announcement to all in all a far degree as I feel the Nazi system astutely utilized their utilization of publicity to influence the hearts and psyches of the German individuals. Through their unlimited authority of the media the Nazi's wore ready to persuade individuals that they are correct or were winning the war along these lines picking up trust all through Germany. They wore likewise ready to edit any accounts or articles which in someway ruin Nazi forces. In any case, their utilization of trickiness in the media was by all account not the only explanation there was little resistance towards them, dread likewise had a significant influence in stopping any restriction the Nazi's would some way or another need to confront. Hitler had chosen Joseph Goebbels as pastor for ‘National Enlightenment' and he controlled the media and expressions. It was his job to ensure that the media printed Nazi belief system and blue-penciled some other thought's advanced. He likewise set up the ‘Reich Chamber of Commerce' in 1933 and this was intended to manage all writing, craftsmanship, music, radio and so forth and just the individuals who was a piece of this chamber was permitted to create anything from those classes however close by these confines was the dread of discipline to restrict and of the arrangements set up so you could just peruse, see and hear what the Nazis needed you to. The utilization of oversight saw that there was next to zero resistance in Germany as when Hitler came into power the Nazi's demonstrated what might befall things that didn't comply with Nazi belief system and Goebbels sorted out mass book consuming meetings in which any book that didn't concur with Nazi thought's was taken o

Proposed - Here is a Proposal Paper Example

Proposed - Here is a Proposal Paper ExampleSo many people want to make use of a proposal paper example so that they can get the best workable proposal to show in the presentation. The reason why is that a lot of people actually do not know how to handle and prepare a proposal. If you are also one of them, then you can find this article useful.In this article, I will introduce the purpose of a proposal paper example and the things that it has to offer. Of course, this is not a difficult thing to understand. After that, I will briefly mention the most important aspects of the proposal paper example.The first thing that you need to know about the proposal paper example is that it is not necessarily a proposal. Many people consider it as such because it provides you with an example of a proposal and what you can do to prepare your own proposal. But in reality, it is more of a description of the scope of a proposal.The next thing to know about the proposal paper example is that it is not always a presentation. In fact, this is a very handy tool if you are trying to prepare a presentation on an important occasion.So, the purpose of the proposal paper example is to provide you with a template to help you in making a presentation. If you think that this means that you will only be able to use it in preparing a proposal, then you are wrong.You can even use it in other forms of work, including making a presentation. The most important thing that you should remember about this is that you have a wide variety of different templates. You will be able to easily use this template on other types of presentations.Now that you know the purpose of the proposal paper example, you can take advantage of it. You will be able to look for a suitable template that suits your style and which can be used to help you.

Should Drugs Be Decriminalized - 1666 Words

Should Drugs Be Decriminalized? Recreational drug use has been controversial for years. Government has deemed the use of certain drugs to be dangerous, addictive, costly, and fatal. Governmental agencies have passed laws to make drugs illegal and then have focused a great deal of attention and money trying to prohibit the use of these drugs, and many people support these sanctions because they view the illegality of drugs to be the main protection against the destruction of our society (Trebach, n.d.). Restricting behavior doesn’t generally stop people from engaging in that behavior; prohibition tends to result in people finding more creative ways to obtain and use drugs. However, just knowing that trying to control people’s behavior†¦show more content†¦Switzerland reports a â€Å"90% reduction in property crimes by those participating in the programme† (Wolf, 2011, para. 7), which has a significant impact on the workload of the local police force. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) reports that treating this population of drug addicts is significant, because it is the group in which â€Å"negative consequences of long-term drug use are pronounced† (EMCDDA, 2012, para. 10). The EMCDDA (2012) asserts that treating this group of users can lead to major curtailment of crimes that occur to fund the users’ drug habits. Decriminalization will save taxpayers a large amount of money because of arresting, prosecuting, and incarcerating fewer people for drug use and possession (Lang, 2013). The number of prisoners has risen â€Å"from 300,000 in 1972 to 2.3 m[illion] today, the highest rate of incarceration in the world, overwhelmingly because of the war on drugs† (Wolf, 2011, para. 7). The Federation of American Scientists’ Drug Policy Analysis Bulletin (as cited in The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws [NORML], 2014) states that in the United States, arrests and prosecution for marijuana violations cost between $7.5 billion and $10 billion each year, and â€Å"90% of theseShow MoreRelatedDrugs : Why They Should Be Decriminalized2049 Words   |  9 PagesDrugs: Why they should be decriminalized Imagine this scenario, you and a friend are at a party. The host offers you and your friend to smoke a joint. Thinking that it’s a cigarette you and your friend both take one, without realizing it’s actually marijuana. You and your friend enjoy it so much thinking it’s a different brand of cigarette that you end up smoking more than usual. Before leaving you grab a handful of marijuana. You and your friend end up driving back home, but you two are pulledRead MoreEssay on Should Drug Use Be Decriminalized?824 Words   |  4 PagesShould Drug Use Be Decriminalized? To begin examining this statement, one should first examine what drugs purposes are and if they have a worthy enough purpose to be excepted into society. Drugs such as Marijuana have been legalized for strictly medical purposes only. Marijuana has been found to treat the nausea suffered by cancer patients and also treat the wasting of AIDS patients. Both fatal diseases with no cures. But what effects overall does Marijuana and otherRead MoreVictimless Crimes Not To Be Decriminalized Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesVictimless crimes, the illegal act(s) that involves consenting adults and lacks a complaining participant, have been the topic of heated debate for some time now (Kendall, 2014). This debate centers primarily on the question as to whether these acts should be crimes at all. The arguments take several forms. One of the controversies involves the importance of personal freedom versus society’s idea to uphold moral standards. 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As it goes for me I agree with Ethan Nadelmann, I think that medical marijuana should definitely be legalRead MoreDr. Hart As A Guest854 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessor of psychology and psychiatry at Columbia University. His field of interest is that of drug abuse and addiction, he recently wrote a book about these topics titled â€Å"High Price†. Dr. Hart has a very interesting point of view when it comes to drugs in society, for example one of his beliefs is that all drugs should be decriminalized in America, another one of his controversial opinions is that drug users can be fully functioning members of society as opposed to how they are regularly viewed

Critical Thinking Concepts Tools - 987 Words

Fear, anger, and stress were just some of the emotions swirling around the Gaza strip settlements on the 17 August 2005 . On this date, Israel began pulling its settlers out of this territory. At the center of this one Israeli commander, BG Gershon Hacohen had the mission to remove his countrymen from their homes . BG Hacohen’s greatest two challenges in his thinking to successfully carry out this mission from the elements of thought are point of view and assumptions through the scrutiny of the universal intellectual standard. These two were the greatest test because the decision was unpopular, the religious nature of the population, and the history in the region. In Richard Paul and Linda Elder’s book Critical Thinking Concepts Tools the elements of thought and the universal intellectual standard laid out. The first of these elements of thought, point of view, focuses on his perspective and frame of reference . The second element of thought, assumptions, goes after what information he took for granted in thinking about the planning and execution process . To critical look at problems, critical thinkers use the universal intellectual standards which are: clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logic, and fairness. Even though sixty percent of Israelis agreed with the decision to remove their people out of the territories, the settlers living there viewed this as an overwhelming unpopular decision . He could have disregarded the point of viewShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking And Clinical Reasoning1163 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning Critical thinking and clinical reasoning are terms often used interchangeably throughout the history of nursing. However, they are not the same, and distinguishing the difference amongst them is important. 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Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing and evaluating information gathered from observation as a guide to belief and action. Critical thinking skills are important because they enable students â€Å"to deal effectively with social, scientific, and practical problems† (Shakirova, 2007, p. 42). Besides that, critical thinkingRead MoreCritical Thinking1125 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking Article Review Over the last thirty years, the health care system has incurred dramatic changes, resulting in new advances in technology and medical theories. Greater demand for quality care by consumers, more knowledgeable patients, remarkable disease processes, shorter hospitalizations, and the continuing pressure to lower health care costs are all contributing factors in the necessary changes to the nursing practice. In order for nurses to deliver optimum care, they must developRead MoreTeaching Critical Thinking For Young Learners Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesshow how teaching critical thinking to young learners result in higher level critical thinking adults. Critical thinking children become critical thinking adults. Critical thinking, itself is a multi-faceted, multi-concept, multi-discipline process, that is skilled and accuracy-based. According to Paul, critical thinking involves an abundance of elements including clarity, relevancy, precision, and consistency. Critical thinking is fu ll of sub-categories, where processes and concepts differ on the accountRead MoreComputer Programming In Primary And Secondary Education.1114 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrated into school curriculum from kindergarten to grade 12. Today’s society is becoming more and more reliant on computer technology. It is a tool used everywhere and it is impotent to understand how it works in our daily lives. Therefore, computer programming is a necessary skill for everyone to have. Learning this skill is important as it builds critical thinking and algorithmic problem solving skills. These are important life skills as they allow people to better contribute to society. This means thatRead MoreArgument Essay : Argument For Learning708 Words   |  3 PagesArgument in Learning Student University Argument in Learning Introduction Argument is an ability that requires a person to have deep and elaborate thinking. The ideas or opinions supported by concrete and powerful thinking skills. Through argument, one convinces woes or passes information across different platforms. It helps in problem solving of various natures and delivery of ideas and passing opinions. It is through argument platforms that we learn high order thinkers and people

Gods Lift is Out of Order Essay Example For Students

Gods Lift is Out of Order Essay Almost everybody, who is old enough to understand what it means, have things in their lives that they regret. It can be something they said, did or even not said or not did. Sometimes you both regret and feel guilty about your actions. This can for instance be talking about someone behind his or her back, or doing something to someone that they will get hurt by. Often you regret something or feel guilty about it, if you know better than to do what you did. Sometimes you regret it afterwards, because you did not know at the time that it was wrong, but sometimes you know it right away, and you will regret it, if you see the negative consequences of it. In Gods Lift is Out of Order the narrator is a black girl who lives in Kilburn, London. She has a childhood friend called Aaron. He played chess a lot and at 14 he became a nationally ranked player. Furthermore he can read music, write poetry, play piano and basketball and he can do maths. All in all he seems to be a clever boy, but his issue is, that his mother is mentally ill. Though Aaron seems to be a very talented boy, he does not know how to get out of his inheritance from his mother. Both Aaron and his brother starts taking drugs. The narrator and Aaron used to be very close friend when they were younger. They would lie together in the narrators bedroom, pretending not to notice their legs were touching. They went to the movies with common friends to watch a thriller, and because Aaron and the narrator were not real Hampstead kids, they would walk home together. They had a lot of fun together as friend, and it seems like Aaron would like to take it a step further. He writes the narrator an anonymous letter on Valentines Day, but at this point the narrator has moved on. But things were different now and I saw more of Aarons older Brother. LL 93-94. The narrator does not care as much about Aaron as before. They were great childhood friends, but now she has become an adult and has moved on from their childhood flirt. Aaron on the other hand seems to be stuck in the past. The narrator has also got a boyfriend now, and she does not know how to have Aaron in her life also. She misses him, but at the same time she is very much in love with her new boyfriend. Instead of just telling her boyfriend that she misses Aaron, she chooses to ignore Aaron and to act like she does not care about him. This is exactly what bites her at the end. When the narrator finds out, that Aaron is dead, she becomes this terrible feeling of guilt and regret. Had she just been nicer to him the last time they spoke and had she just said how she really felt, this might not have happened. She knew about Aarons drug use, but she did not try to help him. The reason she regrets the most is, that she actually lied to him about her feelings. She would have liked to see him play piano, but she did not knew how to tell her new boyfriend. Now the narrator is left with the feeling that if she had said the truth, her old friend could still be alive. The dream in the text shows, that there is something in the narrators subconsciousness that makes her think of Aaron. He was a big part of her life, but then she just moved on without really saying goodbye, and she feels very guilty about that. Therefore the themes in this story are regret and the feeling of guilt. .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .postImageUrl , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:hover , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:visited , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:active { border:0!important; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:active , .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647 .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9622ba923a798fddbb78ac13e9cd5647:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil Engineering And American EngineeringRichard Cory: Seems to be fine, but he is not. He has it all going, but still there is something he cant live with. Like Aaron looses his good friend, Richard must have lost something, or he does not know how to make use of his life, like Aaron does not either. Not waving but drowning: nobody hear the dead man waving for help. This might be compared to Aaron, who tries to wave at the narrator and get her help, but she does not notice that he is waving for help, but things he is just waving like in this story.

What is System Development Life Cycle Essay Example For Students

What is System Development Life Cycle? Essay January 9, 2015HYPERLINK https://airbrake.io/blog/author/motea o View all posts by Motea AlwanMoteaAlwanininsight System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a series of six main phases to create a hardware system only, a software system only or a combination of both to meet or exceed customers expectations. Systemis a broad and a general term, and as per to Wikipedia; Asystemis a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole its a term that can be used in different industries, thereforeSoftware Development Life Cycleis a limited term that explains the phases of creating a software component that integrates with other software components to create the whole system. Below well take a general look on System Development Life Cycle phases, bearing in mind that each system is different from the other in terms of complexity, required components and expected solutions and functionalities: System Development Life Cycle Phases: 1- System Planning The Planning phase is the most crucial step in creating a successful system, during this phase you decide exactly what you want to do and the problems youre trying to solve, by: Defining the problems, the objectives and the resources such as personnel and costs. We will write a custom essay on What is System Development Life Cycle? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Studying the ability of proposing alternative solutions after meeting with clients, suppliers, consultants and employees. Studying how to make your product better than your competitors. After analyzing this data you will have three choices: develop a new system, improve the current system or leave the system as it is. 2-SystemAnalysis The end-users requirements should be determined and documented, what their expectations are for the system, and how it will perform. A feasibility study will be made for the project as well, involving determining whether its organizationally, economically, socially, technologically feasible.itsvery important to maintain strong communication level with the clients to make sure you have a clear vision of the finished product and its function. 3- System Design The design phase comes after a good understanding of customers requirements, this phase defines the elements of a system, the components, the security level, modules, architecture and the different interfaces and type of data that goes through the system. A general system design can be done with a pen and a piece of paper to determine how the system will look like and how it will function, and then a detailed and expanded system design is produced, and it will meet all functional and technical requirements, logically and physically. 4- Implementation and Deployment This phase comes after a complete understanding of system requirements and specifications, its the actual construction process after having a complete and illustrated design for the requested system. In the Software Development Life Cycle, the actual code is written here, and if the system contains hardware, then the implementation phase will contain configuration and fine-tuning for the hardware to meet certain requirements and functions. In this phase, the system is ready to be deployed and installed in customers premises, ready to become running, live and productive, training may be required for end users to make sure they know how to use the system and to get familiar with it, the implementation phase may take a long time and that depends on the complexity of the system and the solution it presents. 5- System Testing and Integration Bringing different components and subsystems together to create the whole integrated system, and thenIntroducingthe system to different inputs to obtain and analyze its outputs and behavior and the way it functions. Testing is becoming more and more important to ensure customers satisfaction, and it requires no knowledge in coding, hardware configuration or design. Testing can be performed by real users, or by a team of specialized personnel, it can also be systematic and automated to ensure that the actual outcomes are compared and equal to the predicted and desired outcomes. .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb , .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .postImageUrl , .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb , .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb:hover , .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb:visited , .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb:active { border:0!important; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb:active , .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6720ebd0ca8d2badbc2f035183705fdb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Carl Gauss Was A Man Who Is Known For Making A Great Deal Breakthrough Essay 6- SystemMaintenance In this phase, periodic maintenance for the system will be carried out to make sure that the system wont become obsolete, this will include replacing the old hardware and continuously evaluating systems performance, it also includes providing latest updates for certain components to make sure it meets the right standards and the latest technologies to face current security threats.These are the main sixphases of the System Development Life Cycle, and its an iterative process for each project. Its important to mention that excellent communication level should be maintained with the customer, and Prototypes are very important and helpful when it comes to meeting the requirements. By building the system in short iterations; we can guarantee meeting the customers requirements before we build the whole system. Many modelsofsystem development life cycle came up from the idea of saving effort, money and time, in addition to minimizing the risk of not meeting the customers requirement at the end of project, some ofthesesmodelsareSDLC Iterative Model, andSDLC Agile Model. The best of the bug capturing tools Continues improvement and fixing of the systemis essential, Airbrake provides robust bug capturing in your application. In doing so, it notifies you with bugs instantly, allows you to easily review them, tie the bug to an individual piece of code, and trace the cause back to recent changes. Airbrake enables for tocategorize, search, and prioritize errors so that when bugs occur, your team can quickly determine the root cause. The time and effort you saveby capturing your errorswith Airbrake is invaluable!

Anger in America essays

Anger in America essays Anger in America. Detroit Free Press. 17 Oct. 2004, Editorial In the Editorial listed above, the author, who has not signed to the article, discusses the recent problems facing Americans today. A Muslim activist mentioned in the article, Eide Alawan, says that, it is hard to tell what Americans might do when they get angry. With the recent string of events occurring throughout the past five years there is a lot of animosity going around. Alawan discusses the ever growing fear among the Arab American community since the September 11th attacks of 2001. They fear that a reliving of the Japanese Camps back in World War II will occur in the present. Americans, he says, have an ugly history of seeking scapegoats for its troubles. The country suffers from all kinds of tensions including this one. Perhaps the upcoming presidential election is proving to be quite a great deal of stress on the American people. He states that our country seems to be separated in many ways and the best job the next president can do is to reunite this country. We are divided by a number of things including race, politics, ethnicity, and even class. Americans want what is beneficial to themselves before opening the door unto others. Alawan tells readers that sure we have a lot to be angry about; job insecurity, terrorism, the increased traffic, soaring gas prices, and so many other hassles, but it takes so much more energy to be mad about something. Anger comes from misunderstanding and insecurity and the past should have taught us by now, that the future leads to even more regret to add to our problems. The type of anger found in this country is based on something completely different than in others. Anger is brought on by a lot of built up tension. At first one ignores minor details until they all begin to pile on. Eventually, frustration overcomes all. Americans are a nation of people who get angry at lea ...

Business Research for Social Media Marketing help

Social media marketing is gaining a lot of popularity in every industry lately. A large number of organizations are using this platform to introduce and promote their products, conduct consumer behavior analysis and generate effective feedback in order to constantly improve their products and services. Social media allows the organizations to target a wider customer base than any other marketing platform due to its wide usage. Even though social media is becoming a very popular platform for marketing, its impact on consumer behavior has yet not been completely identified. The number of people using social media is increasing every day, but how many people are actually using social media to actually gain product knowledge before buying it yet unknown. Therefore, the basic objective of this project is to conduct research on the impact of social media marketing on the purchasing behavior of the consumers. The research proposal sets a project objective, summarizes the literature review o n the topic of social media marketing, identifies the research questions, defines the research methodology and provides the conclusion. The aim of the project is to get a clear insight into the effect that social media marketing has on consumers and other relevant issues (Li, 2007).   The objective of this project is to identify the gaps in the literature review of social media marketing. Even though in-depth research and studies have been conducted by a number of researchers regarding the usage of social media for marketing purposes, its actual impact on the buying pattern of consumers is yet not identified accurately. While marketing is one of the basic factors in expanding the profitability of any association, it is critical to ensure that the right channels are used to capture the buyers. While the current situations and extensions for the advertisers to use the online networking for affecting the objective clients have been given, what stays missing is the variable that the handy usage of these ideas has not been contemplated in subtle elements. What's more, it can be seen that most of the writing are composed with the advertisers' perspective. Therefore, the conduct of the customer is enormously accepted as latent. The viewpoints of the purchasers are requir ed to be contemplated and investigated more to infer an adjusted conclusion. It can, consequently, be said that the necessity of more extensive viewpoint rises while concentrate the effect of online networking showcasing on customer conduct (Huang & Boh, 2011).   Fuchs (2013) describes that the web-based social networking is a stage where the content of the web is modified and shared by the clients at any given time. The mind boggling parts of the online networking have been clarified in this given writing which explains on the positive and negative parts of the web-based social networking stage. The prerequisite of data in regards to the media has been set up with contextual investigations on Facebook, Google, WikiLeaks and Wikipedia. Therefore, the power of the media scene in this new stage is clarified. One might say that the different parts of the online networking has been clarified with suitable contextual analysis. Be that as it may, the viability of the same on the conduct of the standard clients is clarified in a constrained way (Fuchs, 2013).   Then again, another part of the web-based social networking as a showcasing device has been clarified too. It can be found in the review embraced by Hays et al. (2013) that the online networking is one of the intense devices which can ensure that any business can achieve a more extensive number of target clients with usage of restricted assets. The noticeable quality of these stages as the appropriate components of a goal promoting association has been expounded too. The goal showcasing associations of the main 10 most went by nations are contemplated with the assistance of semi organized meetings. It can see from the review that the use of the online networking among the DMOs is as yet not that pertinent. Nonetheless, different trial systems are directed which can be powerful in guaranteeing that the valuable business methodologies are actualized to witness significant development for the business (Hays & Page, 2013). Tuten and Solomon (2014) depict that with a specific end goal to ensure that the online networking showcasing can procure the set targets and ready to achieve any business towards impressive objectives, it is essential that the appropriate utilization of procedures are finished. It is fundamental that the most fitting technique is chosen for any given organization and it is connected such that it suits the business. What's more, it has been illustrated in the review that how the esse4ntial hypotheses of promoting can be essentially connected in the viable circle and how the most helpful business results are obtained appropriately (Kjellnas, 2014). In any case, it has been clarified by the creators that catching the consideration of the clients is insufficient to guarantee the control of client conduct. It is essential that the consideration is changed over into intrigue. In this manner, the prerequisite of connecting with into the correct correspondence channel can said to be a powerful way. The acknowledgment of the shopper towards an item is critical to ensure that the association can get the standard notoriety in the market. Subsequently, understanding their prerequisites and viewpoints has been perceived by the creators too. In this manner, the vitality of systems to impact the customer acquiring conduct has been perceived and explained by the creators.   While web-based social networking is considered as a noteworthy instrument in showcasing nowadays, the insightful energy of the buyers with respect to the same has been clarified by Solomon (2014). It has been seen by the creator that so as to ensure that the shopper conduct is influenced by the online networking advertising, it is vital that proper estimations should be possible. The general sentiment any shopper with respect to a specific situation of promoting in any commercial center is required to be considered. Thus, the idea of the customer's slant toward Marketing (CSM) has been recorded by the creator as a strong device to decide if they are persuaded enough to buy a specific item or administration which is being promoted on the online stage (Solomon, 2014).   The research questions in this report revolve around social media marketing and its impact on consumer behavior. The questions have been divided in two categories namely, primary research question and secondary research question. The primary question will be the main focus of the research proposal and the secondary question will consist of other relevant questions related to the topic. The main aim of the research is to analyse the impact of online social media networks on the buying behavior of the customers. In order to investigate and collect data for conducting the research, proper methods of data collection need to be used. It is easy to collect general information, but collecting information that is relevant to the purpose of analysis can be be difficult.. There research type can be broadly categorized into two approaches; inductive and deductive.. A deductive research can be used to anticipate the trends in future on the basis of the theories that already exist. In case of inductive research, the theories are developed on the basis of data and empirical findings. The study to be conducted in this report is inclined on inductive research that would   help to gather descriptive data and assist in obtaing empirical results. Inductive research can be used to obtain the answers for both primary and secondary question by anylzing the responses of consumers about the way they use of social media and its relevant impact on their shopping style..   The method used to carry the anlalysis in this study is qualitative research method   instead of the quantitative research method. The reason behind choosing this method is that the aim of the study to find how effective social media is when it comes to the buying behavior of the consumers, hence we need to focus more on qualitative data than on numbers. The qualitative focuses on the observations and content analysis of the data collected rather than the volume and number of data. The qualitative research tends to be more flexible and adjustable as compared to quantitative research. There are a number of different sources from which the data for the purpose of study can be gathered. The collected data can be used for various purposes, depending on the type of the information collected, hence it is very important to get the information from the right place keeping in mind the aim of the study. Primary data collection is a cost intensive process as it involves collecting the most fresh version of information mostly from people directly. Whereas secondary data is collected from various existing facts and information. For conducting analysis in this report, the method of telephonic interviews and personal interviews has been used to get a first hand version of data. After the data was collected using interviews, the impact of social media was analyzed on the purchasing power of the buyer. The majority of the people that were interviewed said that they used social media pages of a particular company to get to know about the current promotional offers and discounts that are being offered by the company. They also revealed that even if they were not planning to visit a particular store, social media offers would push them to at least go have a look. Most of these visitors ended up buying something from the store during their visit. This clearly shows that organizations that have a social media presence can easily lure the social media users into buying something for them. This however doesn’t necessarily mean profit maximization, but it definitely increases the customer base of the organization.   Consumers also used social media to find out information about organization for instance, in case of retail stores, the consumers can find about the opening and closing times of the store, the product range offered by the store, the nearest located store and other features that may assist in making the customer choose to shop in a particular store. Certain stores also offer a virtual tour online that helps the consumers to get a hypothetical visit to the store. This shows that social media surely has an impact on the buying pattern of the consumers. The secondary question in this research proposal was to find out the reasons why social media has an effect on the buying behavior of the consumers. To be more specific, Facebook has been considered as a social media platform and the interviews were conducted to find out why Facebook presence of any organization was having an impact on its customers. The first reason that was identified was that Facebook has the maximum number of users that any other social media site possesses. Additionally, people tend to spend a large amount of time on Facebook. Since the application is available on the mobile phones too, people are practically connected to Facebook all the time (Lee, 2016). A lot of respondents confessed that they do not watch tv everyday, don’t read the newspaper every day but use Facebook everyday without fail. 6 out of 10 respondents said that they use Facebook and Google to find out information about the products they want to buy. The consumers also use the comments an d feedback of other users to find out the popularity of the products among masses. This gave the users a reality check about the efficiency of the products before even buying them. The users on social media sites are genuine and reliable, who also get into discussions about a particular product or service offered by different organizations. People share their experiences and help each other with alternative options that might be unknown to someone. So, wide coverage and human interaction are the two major causes behind the effect of social media having an impact on the consumer behavior (Chaffey, 2017).   To conclude, it can be said, social media’s gaining popularity is surely having an impact on the buying behavior of consumers these days. People are not only using social media to find out about new products and services, but are also using this medium to find out about the quality of these products and services even before getting their hands on them. Social media can be used by organizations in two ways; firstly to catch the attention of consumers and secondly to use consumer feedback to improve their products. Every organization which has an active social media presence tends to become more popular among the general public in comparison to organizations with no or inactive social media presence. Since, the technology is advancing every day, the importance of social media in affecting the consumer behavior is anticipated to keep getting stronger. Chaffey, D., 2017. Global social media research summary 2017, Available at: https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-social-media-research/ Fuchs, C., 2013. Social Media and Capitalism: In Producing the Internet. Critical, Available at: https://fuchs.uti.at/wp-content/SocialMediaCapitalism.pdf Hays, S. & Page, H., 2013. Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(3). Huang, J. & Boh, W., 2011. From A Social Influence Perspective: The Impact Of Social Media On Movie Sales, Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2011/79/ Kjellnas, M., 2014. Social media as a marketing tool versus strategic alliance  ­ a comparison, Available at: https://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:825909/FULLTEXT01.pdf Lee, K., 2016. Why You Should Share to Social Media in the Afternoon + More of the Latest Social Media Research, Available at: https://blog.bufferapp.com/new-social-media-research Li, C., 2007. How Consumers Use Social Networks, Available at: https://www.eranium.at/blog/upload/consumers_socialmedia.pdf Solomon, 2014. Social media marketing, Available at: https://www.docsity.com/it/social-media-marketing-t-l-tuten-e-m-r-solomon-2014/830881/

How does the picture of the Catilinarian conspiracy differ between Essay

How does the picture of the Catilinarian conspiracy differ between Cicero and Sallust To what do you attribute these differences - Essay Example But the plot was unearthed followed by the execution of five conspirators, and this revelation compelled Catiline to escape from Rome. Many historians and political experts of the age have presented vivid accounts of Catiline’s life and his famous conspiracy. But of all these, the accounts put forward by Cicero and Sallust stand out in terms of their vivid details, eloquent language and authenticity of information. Marcus Tullius Cicero  was one of the greatest philosophers and prose writers of Rome. Apart from his accomplishments in the sphere of oration and his career as a lawyer, one of his major achievements was his political career. It was in the course of his political career as a consul that the  Second Catilinarian Conspiracy occurred. However, the  attempt to overthrow the Roman government through an external attack was foiled and the ensuing revolt was supressed at that time largely due to the efforts of Cicero. Subsequently, he acquired a Senatus Consultum Ultimum and delivered four fervent speeches against Catiline for his treachery against the Republic. These speeches, collectively known as the Catiline Orations, are classified as rare specimens of an extraordinary rhetorical style. The speeches revealed the truth about the depravity and corruption practised by Catiline and his followers, while denouncing them for extending their support and sympathy to a treacherous rogue l ike Catiline. The acerbic and sardonic tone of the speeches was effective enough to drive Catiline and his followers out of the city. The speech was delivered at the Temple of Jupiter Stator, and was directly addressed to Catiline. The rhetoric was so powerful that Catiline was forced to leave the senate midway during the course of Cicero’s speech. The subsequent speeches, that yielded more evidence against Catiline, were addressed to the people and the senate. Cicero’s first speech was relatively short and precise. It was remarkable for its opening remarks

Organ Donation- How recipients are chosen and should donors be Research Paper

Organ Donation- How recipients are chosen and should donors be compensated - Research Paper Example Australia is a nation where most of the organs transplantations are carried out successfully (Benedetti, 21). â€Å"People of all ages and background can be used for the process of organ donation. If a person is under 18, then the parent or the guardian must give permission in order to become the donor. If an individual is 18 or older, then the person should be the donor by signing the donor card† (Petechuk, 67). The entire procedures that delegates organs to recipients, who entail them is formulated in a way, so that it is as fair and just as possible without any preferences or biases. The delegation of organs is guided along by protocols, which are mostly formed by the transplantation societies existing in countries. In particular, different groups manage the waiting lists depending on the organ, and the geographical area where the organ recipient resides. When an organ other than kidney is used for transplantation, then it is generally offered to transplant units in that pa rticular state and if there is no appropriate recipient, then the organ is offered to transplant units in another state and geographical jurisdiction, to promote parity (Humar, 31).

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (the King) and Seneca’s Oedipus Essay -- compar

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (the King) and Seneca’s Oedipus    Contrary to Sophocles’ Oedipus that was written to the Greeks, a peaceful and wise audience, Seneca’s Oedipus was written to the Romans, a militaristic and violent community.   Seneca successfully appeals to the elements of Roman literature; therefore, Edith Hamilton in The Roman Way calls him the â€Å"Father of sentimental drama.†Ã‚   Seneca wrote the play in around 50 AD about 480 years after Sophocles’ production.   The Roman audience responded to a melodramatic plot rather than the tragic theme of the former Oedipus.   Seneca, in rewriting the play Oedipus makes significant adjustments to suit the Roman audience, particularly plot and style changes. Melodrama in this sense (compared to tragedy) draws forth more of an emotional, pitiful reaction and any evidence of fear is removed; on the contrary, the emotion of pity is exaggerated and stressed.   The Greek wisdom and their capability to see beauty in all life created a desire for tragedy which draws forth reactions of both pity and fear; according to the Greeks, tragedy portrays mankind at his finest, standing tall among suffering and capable of heroism by overcoming evil.   Edith Hamilton in The Roman Way says, â€Å" . . . the unfamiliar and the extraordinary were on the whole repellent to them (the Greeks) and they detested every form of exaggeration.†Ã‚   She goes on to say, â€Å"Greek tragedy had no appeal as the Romans understood the words.†Ã‚   The Romans viewed life as cheap, almost worthless; therefore, to appeal to this audience, Seneca made fate seem merciless, while Sophocles suggested a tragic flaw, indicating the partial fault of the character. The plot of Sophocles’ and Seneca’s Oedipus are much the same.   Oedipus... ...d concentration on fate, Seneca appeals to the vicious Roman audience he writes to, as opposed to Sophocles’ pensive Greek audience.   The Roman audience desired more violent literature, and responded to the concept that fate and predestination were inescapable, while the Greek audience defined tragedy, including a tragic flaw of the character, as mankind at his best because the character becomes wise.   Seneca in rewriting the original Oedipus tragedy, removes any indication of fear, completely concentrating on the emotion of pity.   While Sophocles’ Oedipus can be called Greek tragedy, Seneca’s Oedipus exaggerates pity and disgust and must be classified as melodrama.   Instead of arousing pity and fear from the audience, Seneca uses plot and style changes and simply appeals to the emotion of pity to adhere to his Roman audience.               

America’s Commercial Airline Industry

1989 has been a year in which both aviation experts and spokesmen. For the flying public have expressed intensified concern over what they perceive to be a substantial deterioration in the safety of America†s passenger airline operations. In the first nine months of 1989 alone, there have been ten fatal air crashes involving large transport-category planes owned by U. S. based carriers (Ott p. 28). This compares disfavorably to the first nine of months of 1988, when but two such accidents took place, and in fact, it is the highest number of death-causing accidents for the American commercial aviation industry during the 1980s (Fotos p. ). This spate of airborne tragedies has prompted interested parties to ask a series of disturbing questions. Is it now safe to fly on American owned airlines, and, related to this, is it now riskier to board these planes than it was before industry deregulation took place in 1978? What, if any, specific factors have contributed to the perceived decline in the industry†s safety standards? Finally, what, if anything, can be done to enhance the airworthiness of U. S. passenger planes and to improve the safety performance of the crews who man them? In this paper, all three of these questions will be addressed, and, without advancing too far ahead, we discover that there simply are no definitive answers to any of them. As serious accidents among America†s air carriers have mounted in 1989, a â€Å"conventional wisdom† has supplied a plausible account of the historical roots of the present safety problem. In 1978, the Federal government de-regulated the U. S. airline industry. Faced with an increasingly competitive environment, individual carriers tried to hold down fares by making cost-related cuts in policies and procedures related to safety. Many have argued that, â€Å"increased competition may lead airlines to skimp on investments in safety,†(Bornstein and Zimmerman p. 913) by, for example, allowing aging planes to take to the skies following routine inspections rather than replacing them with new craft. But there is an overarching problem with this explanation: 1989†³s accidents apart, empirical data suggest that it is currently safer to fly on a plane operated by a major U. S. air carrier than it was ten years ago! In 1978, the odds of a large airliner†s becoming involved in fatal crash were one for every million aircraft departures; ten years later, that proportion has dropped to around one in every 2. 25 million departures (McConnel p. 207). On the whole, it is, in fact, comparatively safe to fly, and even with 1989 crash incidents added to the aggregated figures, flying is no more dangerous today than it was prior to deregulation. The Federal Aviation Administration, the National Transportation Safety Board and an array of independent air safety experts have all probed this year†s major airline accidents. Despite all of post hoc study, they have been unable to discern a common link among them, (Ott p. 28) with one major exception. The qualification at hand refers to dramatic increase in the volume of air traffic since de-regulation. According to NTSB member John Lauber, † ‘ if there is a trend in accidents, it is a trend set by the increasing volume of air transport operations rather than any fundamental deterioration in the margins of safety (Ott p. 28). At first glance, this argument is comforting: more flights in the air simply result in more accidents commensurate with higher traffic volumes, so that the impact of de-regulation has had only the broadest and most indirect influences upon the industry†s safety record. But to ascribe the recent rash of safety problems to the â€Å"neutral† effect of higher traffic volume in the wake of de-regulation and leave it at that overlooks several critical points. For example, to remain competitive, many airlines schedule flights in clusters for the convenience of their passengers. This, in turn, as Rudolf Kapustin (an independent industry- watcher) states, tends to increase risks among flight occurring at â€Å"peak times (Ott p. 28). † Far more worrisome, when accidents for smaller, commuter or regional airlines are factored in, we find that 16 percent of all airlines had safety records considerably worse than the norm, accounting for nearly 80 percent of all airborne accidents between 1977 and 1984 (Ott p. 30). These figures strongly indicate that policies and practices by the airlines themselves may have acted as variables that have had a role in recent accidents. There are two major factors that appear to have had a part in this year†s major carrier crashes, both of which can be related to cost cutting challenges upon the airlines unleashed by de-regulation. The first of these concerns the planes themselves. There is evidence to suggest that some U. S. airlines are operating a higher percentage of â€Å"high time† or â€Å"geriatric† aircraft than was previously the case. About 2,300 of the 8,000 odd commercial jets flown by major airline crews have passed twenty years of continuous service. Plainly, aging fleets have some immediate linkage to two recent air fatalities. In April, 1988 Aloha Airlines 737 experienced a structural collapse; a huge section of the upper fuselage peeled off; one flight attendant was killed and sixty-one passengers were injured. â€Å"The aircraft in question,† investigators found, had logged some 90,000 take-off/landing duty cycle, † the second highest number recorded by any jetliner operating in the free world. Eight months later, with the Aloha case still under study, a United Airlines 747 bound for Honolulu literally disintegrated in the air over the Pacific Ocean, resulting in nine deaths. This craft was another â€Å"veteran† plane, one that had a maintenance record suggesting increasing safety problems. Clearly, there is an economic motive behind airline operation of â€Å"geriatric† planes. A Boeing 737, for example, cost around $25 million at present, so that, † it is in the economic interest of an airline to prolong the life of its current fleet if it can do so at reasonable cost and without compromising safety. In the opinion of some critics, given the competitive pressures of a de-regulated market environment, some airlines are paying too much attention to this economic imperative, and, conversely, too little care to the maintenance of adequate safety standards. Most jet transport accidents are not the result of equipment failure; a full two-thirds can be attributed to human error. At present, all U. S. air carriers, major airlines and regionals alike, are facing a reduced pool of qualified pilots and flight personnel to staff their crews. De-regulation has meant a higher level of demand for a finite number of qualified crew members, and, at the same time, the number of potential crew members leaving the nation†s armed forces (the traditional mainstay of new hires for the airlines) has dropped sharply in recent years. As has been noted in a recent issue of Aviation Week & Space Technology: † the major airlines are reported to be drastically reducing the amount of flying time they require from applicants, â€Å"and while † there is no shortage of applicants (there is) a shortage of highly qualified ones (Pilot Turnover†¦ p. 91). Inexperienced pilots tend to make more mistakes than their veteran counterparts, so that the labor demand growth that has taken place with deregulation coupled with a reduced number of former armed forces pilots available may well be a factor undermining airline safety. Having stated that it is, in general, safe to board U. S. operated planes, yet another qualification must be made at this juncture. Smaller carriers, flying short routes and known as â€Å"commuter† airlines have much worse safety records than the major airlines. According to McConnell: In the past decade, commuter airlines have had 81 fatal accidents, Killing 384 people. In 1987 alone 35 accidents caused 58 deaths. And in the first two months of 1988, crashes killed 22. The Commuters† fatal accidents rate per 100,000 departures has averaged Seven times that of the major airlines (McConnel p. 206). These smaller carriers, like their major airlines counternumbers, are subject to FAA monitoring and regulation, and the results of FAA inquiries into the safety of the commuter lines has led the Agency to suspend or revoke commuter airline operating certificates on 58 occasions since 1981 for safety violations. The heart of the problem with the commuter airlines resides in the shrinking pool of qualified pilots available to them (Ott p. 28). Generally offering lower pay than the majors, the commuter lines have experienced a drain of talent as many of their most experienced pilots have left to take positions with the majors. In 1985, major U. S. carriers hired some 7,600n new pilots; the majority of them previously worked for commuter airlines (McConnel p. 209). At the same time, willingness of the majors to accept less qualified pilots from sources apart from the regionals has decreased the quality of regional hires yet another notch (Pilot Turnover†¦ p. 91). The trend toward less experienced crews in this segment of the industry is undeniable. † The pilots hired by U. S. regionals who had less than 2,000 hr. flight time rose 22. 3% of those hired in 1985 to 36. 2% in the first six months of 1989 (Ott p. 29). In addition to a declining level of experience in the cockpits of commuter aircraft, these pilots face demands that often exceed those placed upon pilots working for the majors. On some small carriers, pilots face several trips a day between under-equipped airfields, and in addition must plan routes, study weather, handle baggage and even fuel the plane. Fatigue can become a factor (McConnel p. 207). To fill spots, regionals have tried to lure flight instructors from flying schools into their ranks (Pilots Turnover†¦ p. 91). Unfortunately, by engaging in this practice, the regionals reduce the capacity of the nation†s flight schools to enlarge the pool of personnel available to all carriers. If a shortage of qualified crew members is identified as a factor that has some causal relation to a perceived decline in American air carrier safety, this effect is most acute at the level of the commuter/regional firms. The evidence regarding the effect of de-regulation upon safety for American airlines is mixed, inconclusive, but nevertheless broad enough. Common sense tells us that older planes and less experienced crews will have a negative impact upon safety, and, in the case of commuter lines, the latter has probably contributed to a performance record significantly below that of the major carriers. Given that a case can be made that identifiable variables are now eroding flight safety, the question naturally becomes: What can be done to remedy or, at least, ameliorate this situation? The FAA formed an Airworthiness Assurance Task Force shortly after the Aloha incident, and, in February, 1989, this body issued its recommendations. These proposals generally dealt with the tandem problems of aging fleets and inexperienced crews. Regarding the former, The Task Force noted that in several recent accidents, parts that had either been inspected and passed review or parts that were thought to have an â€Å"infinite† working life, broke down. The Airworthiness Assurance Task Force recommended to the FAA an $800 million program to upgrade older aircraft. The key provision would mandate the replacement of various parts and assemblies at specified time intervals, even if inspection detected no flaws. In other words, the industry would move to a plan of preventive replacement, rather than preventive maintenance. The plan would require repairs in about one of every five jetliners currently in service (Hoffer p115). The FAA itself has followed up on this recommendation: this year the agency mandated replacement of rivets on older 727s, and in the near future, the order will be extended to veteran 737s and 747s as well. The cost of all this promises to be high, amounting to an average of around $600,000 per plane. Still, conducted on a phased basis, it does not spell financial ruin for the majors, and given FAA powers, they have no choice but to comply. The FAA has also made recommendations regarding improvement of crew performance. It has, for example, suggested that airlines should â€Å"avoid pairing two pilots who may be qualified but inexperienced, either as pilot or in the particular aircraft type they would be flying (Ott p. 29). † The Agency has also urged that only experienced pilots be given control over aircraft during times of severe weather conditions. Both of these proposals have been accepted by the industry. Far more controversial, the FAA has also endorsed the idea of setting autonomous safety departments within each airline that would have absolute power to ground flights or personnel on the basis of safety. These departments would actively monitor pilot performance through retrospective examination of data contained in tapes on flight recorders (Fotos p. 31). Although the airlines see such a move as having safety-enhancing outcomes, the notion that control over scheduled flights will be ceded by line management to a safety procedures, has met with some resistance. At bottom, implementing the FAA†s suggestions will carry a step price tag in both financial and management labor terms, and taken together, may contribute to a second round of shakeouts, as weaker carriers will not be able to bear these costs and continue to be competitive.

Comparable Worth Compared to Equal Pay

Comparable worth is shorthand for equal pay for work of equal value or equal pay for work of comparable worth. The doctrine of comparable worth is an attempt to remedy the inequities of pay which result from a long history of sex-segregated jobs and different pay scales for female and male jobs. Market rates, in this view, reflect past discriminatory practices, and cannot be the only basis of deciding current pay equity. Comparable worth looks at the skills and responsibilities of different jobs and attempts to correlate compensation to those skills and responsibilities. Comparable worth systems seek to fairly compensate jobs held primarily by women or by men more equitably by comparing the educational and skill requirements, task activities, and responsibility in different jobs, and attempting to compensate each job in relation to such factors rather than by the traditional pay history of the jobs. Equal Pay vs. Comparable Worth The Equal Pay Act of 1973  and many court decisions on pay equity revolve around the requirement that  the work being compared be equal work.  This approach to equity assumes that there are men and women in the job category and that they should not be paid differently for doing the same work. What happens when jobs are distributed differently, where there are different jobs, some held traditionally by mostly men and some held traditionally by mostly women?  How does equal pay for equal work apply? The effect of the ghettos of male and female jobs is that often, the male jobs were traditionally compensated more highly in part because they were held by men, and the female jobs were compensated less well in part because they were held by women. The comparable value approach then moves to looking at the work itself: What skills are required? How much training and education? What level of responsibility is involved? Example Traditionally, the job of a licensed practical nurse has been held mostly by women, and the job of a licensed electrician mostly by men.  If the skills and responsibilities and required training levels are found to be relatively equal, then a compensation system involving both jobs would adjust compensation to bring the LPNs pay into line with the electricians pay. A common example in a large organization, like state employees, might be outdoor lawn maintenance compared to nursery school aides.  The former has traditionally been done more by men and the latter by women.  The level of responsibility and education required is higher for the nursery school aides, and lifting small children may be similar to lifting requirements for those maintaining the lawn who lift bags of soil and other materials. Yet traditionally, the nursery school aides were paid less than the lawn maintenance crew, probably because of the historical connections of the jobs with men (once assumed to be breadwinners) and women (once assumed to be earning pin money).  Is the responsibility for a lawn of more value than the responsibility for the education and welfare of small children? The Effect of Comparable Worth Adjustments By using more objective standards applied to otherwise-different jobs, the effect is usually to increase pay to the jobs where women dominate in numbers. Often, the effect is also to equalize pay across racial lines as well, where jobs had been distributed differently by race. In most actual implementations of comparable worth, the pay of the lower-paid group is adjusted upwards, and the pay of the higher-paid group is allowed to grow more slowly than it would have without the comparable worth system in place.  It is not common practice in such implementations for the higher-paid group to have their wages or salaries cut from current levels. Where Comparable Worth Is Used Most comparable worth agreements have been the result of labor union negotiations or other agreements  and are more likely to be in the public sector than the private sector. The approach lends itself better to large organizations, whether public or private and has little effect on such jobs as domestic workers, where few people work in each workplace. The union AFSCME (American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees) has been particularly active in winning comparable worth agreements. Opponents of comparable worth generally argue for the difficulty of judging true worth of a job, and for allowing the market forces to balance a variety of social values. Bibliography Linda M. Blum. Between Feminism and Labor: The Significance of the Comparable Worth Movement. 1991.Sara M. Evans, Barbara N. Nelson. Wage Justice: Comparable Worth and the Paradox of Technocratic Reform. 1989, 1991.Joan Acker. Doing Comparable Worth: Gender, Class, and Pay Equity. 1989, 1991.Helen Remick. Comparable Worth and Wage Discrimination. 1984, 1985.